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Dental plaque is a structurally organized biofilm consisting of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix of polymers and salivary glycoproteins.
Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species are the principal pathogens initiating enamel demineralization and dental caries.
Sterilisation destroys all microorganisms including spores, while disinfection only eliminates pathogenic vegetative forms on inanimate surfaces.
Herpes simplex type 1, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus cause oral ulcers, gingivostomatitis, or hairy leukoplakia.
Complement system enhances opsonization, directly lyses bacteria via membrane attack complex, and promotes inflammation and immune clearance.
Diagnosis requires acid-fast bacilli staining, culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and interferon-gamma release assays or molecular tests.
Active immunity develops after antigen exposure (vaccination/infection); passive immunity involves transfer of preformed antibodies (maternal/immunoglobulin therapy).
Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus are routinely screened due to blood-borne transmission risk.
A bacteriophage is a virus that specifically infects and replicates within bacteria, used in genetic research and phage therapy.
Resistance emerges via chromosomal mutations or horizontal gene transfer (plasmids, transposons) encoding enzymes like beta-lactamases.
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Dental plaque is a structurally organized biofilm consisting of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix of polymers and salivary glycoproteins.
Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species are the principal pathogens initiating enamel demineralization and dental caries.
Sterilisation destroys all microorganisms including spores, while disinfection only eliminates pathogenic vegetative forms on inanimate surfaces.
Herpes simplex type 1, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus cause oral ulcers, gingivostomatitis, or hairy leukoplakia.
Complement system enhances opsonization, directly lyses bacteria via membrane attack complex, and promotes inflammation and immune clearance.
Diagnosis requires acid-fast bacilli staining, culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and interferon-gamma release assays or molecular tests.
Active immunity develops after antigen exposure (vaccination/infection); passive immunity involves transfer of preformed antibodies (maternal/immunoglobulin therapy).
Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus are routinely screened due to blood-borne transmission risk.
A bacteriophage is a virus that specifically infects and replicates within bacteria, used in genetic research and phage therapy.
Resistance emerges via chromosomal mutations or horizontal gene transfer (plasmids, transposons) encoding enzymes like beta-lactamases.
