ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification—crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography—principles and their applications. Qualitative analysis—detection of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens. Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulfur, and phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis,
UNIT 14: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules—hybridization (s and p): classification of organic compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, homologous series: Isomerism—structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission—homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and carbanions, stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation. Common types of organic reactions: substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.
UNITS 15: HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions. Alkanes—Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane), mechanism of halogenation of alkanes. Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization. Alkynes: acidic character, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons: nomenclature, benzene structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, and nitration. Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties and reactions, nature of C-X bond, mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses, environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT.
UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and the Reimer-Tiemann reaction. Ethers: Structure. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nature of the carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition to the >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH₃, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolf-Kishner and Clemmensen), and the acidity of the hydrogen. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, haloform reaction, and chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
UNIT 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of biomolecules. CARBOHYDRATES—Classification, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose). PROTEINS—Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. VITAMINS—Classification and functions. NUCLEIC ACIDS—Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, biological functions of nucleic acids. Hormones (General Introduction)
UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
Detection of extra elements (nitrogen, sulfur, halogens) in organic compounds, detection of the following functional groups, hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones), and carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.
- The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic compounds, Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform. - The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises—acids, bases, and the use of indicators, oxalic acid vs. KMnO₄, and Mohr’s salt vs. KMnO₄.
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations: Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺ Anions: CO₃²⁻, S²⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, and I⁻ (insoluble salts excluded)
- (Insoluble salts excluded). Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO₄
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
CBSE SYLLABUS : NCERT Chemistry Part 1 Textbook For Class 11th
Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
General Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry.
Historical approach to the particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms, and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and calculations based on stoichiometry.
Unit II: Structure of Atom
Discovery of electron, proton, and neutron; atomic number, isotopes, and isobars. Thomson's model and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals—
Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of the periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements—atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence. Nomenclature of elements with atomic numbers greater than 100.
Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, and the shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.
Unit V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behavior, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behavior, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.
Liquid State—Vapor pressure, viscosity, and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).
Unit VI: Thermodynamics
Concepts of systems, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions.
First law of thermodynamics—internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution, and dilution. Introduction of entropy as a state function, second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics—brief introduction.
Unit VII: Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium—Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium—ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH. Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples)
CBSE SYLLABUS : NCERT Chemistry Part 2 Textbook For Class 11th
Unit VIII: Redox Reactions
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation numbers, applications of redox reactions.
Unit IX: Organic Chemistry—Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification, and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
Unit X: Hydrocarbons
Classification of Hydrocarbons.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes—Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions, including the free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion, and pyrolysis.
Alkenes—Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation; chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes—Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic hydrocarbons—Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene: resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution—nitration, sulfonation, halogenation, Friedel Crafts alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity
CBSE SYLLABUS : NCERT Chemistry Part 1 Textbook For Class 12th
Unit II: Solutions
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.
Unit III: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and the law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and galvanic cells, lead accumulators, fuel cells, and corrosion.
Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting the rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations, and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment), activation energy, Arrhenius equation.
Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals—metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation, and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄.
Lanthanoids—electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoids contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids—electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.
Unit IX: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds—introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties, and shapes; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and biological systems).
CBSE SYLLABUS : NCERT Chemistry Part 2 Textbook For Class 12th
Unit VI: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.
Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).
Uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Unit VII: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit VIII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Unit IX: Amines
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit X: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Proteins - Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins
- primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.
Hormones—an elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins—Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
