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Because iron filings and sulfur remain physically distinct, can be separated by a magnet, and do not show uniform composition throughout.
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Example: Burning wood gives ash + gases whose total mass equals original wood mass.
Valency equals number of electrons lost, gained, or shared to achieve octet. For sodium (2,8,1), valency = +1; for chlorine (2,8,7), valency = –1.
Isotopes: same atomic number, different mass number (e.g., C-12, C-14). Isobars: same mass number, different atomic number (e.g., Ar-40, Ca-40).
Centrifugation applies centrifugal force, causing denser milk to move outward and lighter cream to collect at the center, enabling rapid separation.
Na atom has 1 valence electron; Na⁺ has stable octet. Na reacts vigorously with water; Na⁺ is inert and found in ionic compounds.
Different pigments have different solubility and adhesion to the stationary phase, causing them to move at different speeds with the mobile phase.
Al³⁺ and SO₄²⁻. Criss-cross charges: Al₂(SO₄)₃.
It is homogeneous, particles (ions) are less than 1 nm in size, cannot be filtered, and do not scatter light (no Tyndall effect).
They have the same number of valence electrons in their outermost shell, leading to identical valency and similar bonding behavior.
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Because iron filings and sulfur remain physically distinct, can be separated by a magnet, and do not show uniform composition throughout.
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Example: Burning wood gives ash + gases whose total mass equals original wood mass.
Valency equals number of electrons lost, gained, or shared to achieve octet. For sodium (2,8,1), valency = +1; for chlorine (2,8,7), valency = –1.
Isotopes: same atomic number, different mass number (e.g., C-12, C-14). Isobars: same mass number, different atomic number (e.g., Ar-40, Ca-40).
Centrifugation applies centrifugal force, causing denser milk to move outward and lighter cream to collect at the center, enabling rapid separation.
Na atom has 1 valence electron; Na⁺ has stable octet. Na reacts vigorously with water; Na⁺ is inert and found in ionic compounds.
Different pigments have different solubility and adhesion to the stationary phase, causing them to move at different speeds with the mobile phase.
Al³⁺ and SO₄²⁻. Criss-cross charges: Al₂(SO₄)₃.
It is homogeneous, particles (ions) are less than 1 nm in size, cannot be filtered, and do not scatter light (no Tyndall effect).
They have the same number of valence electrons in their outermost shell, leading to identical valency and similar bonding behavior.
