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Displacement is the shortest straight-line path between initial and final positions. Distance is total path length. Displacement has direction; distance does not.
The slope of a velocity-time graph represents acceleration. A steeper slope means greater acceleration. Horizontal slope indicates uniform motion (zero acceleration).
F = m × a, where F is net force, m is mass, and a is acceleration. Force is directly proportional to rate of change of momentum.
When a swimmer pushes water backward (action), water pushes the swimmer forward (reaction). Both forces are equal and opposite.
Work = Force × Displacement in force’s direction. Zero work occurs if displacement is zero or force is perpendicular to displacement.
Kinetic energy is energy of motion (½ mv²). Potential energy is stored energy due to position or shape (e.g., mgh).
Mechanical advantage = Load / Effort. It indicates how many times a machine multiplies the applied force. Higher MA means less effort.
Motion of an object along a circle with constant speed. Direction changes continuously, so acceleration exists. Example: A satellite orbiting Earth.
Solar energy drives weather, ocean currents, photosynthesis, and the water cycle. It is the primary external energy source for Earth’s climate and life.
Echolocation is using reflected sound waves to locate objects. Bats and dolphins emit clicks and interpret returning echoes for navigation and hunting.
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Displacement is the shortest straight-line path between initial and final positions. Distance is total path length. Displacement has direction; distance does not.
The slope of a velocity-time graph represents acceleration. A steeper slope means greater acceleration. Horizontal slope indicates uniform motion (zero acceleration).
F = m × a, where F is net force, m is mass, and a is acceleration. Force is directly proportional to rate of change of momentum.
When a swimmer pushes water backward (action), water pushes the swimmer forward (reaction). Both forces are equal and opposite.
Work = Force × Displacement in force’s direction. Zero work occurs if displacement is zero or force is perpendicular to displacement.
Kinetic energy is energy of motion (½ mv²). Potential energy is stored energy due to position or shape (e.g., mgh).
Mechanical advantage = Load / Effort. It indicates how many times a machine multiplies the applied force. Higher MA means less effort.
Motion of an object along a circle with constant speed. Direction changes continuously, so acceleration exists. Example: A satellite orbiting Earth.
Solar energy drives weather, ocean currents, photosynthesis, and the water cycle. It is the primary external energy source for Earth’s climate and life.
Echolocation is using reflected sound waves to locate objects. Bats and dolphins emit clicks and interpret returning echoes for navigation and hunting.
